3. D.A.Bromley,"By the Year 2000:First in the World",Report of the F ederal Coordinating Council for Science,Engineering & Technology(FCCSET),C ommittee on Education and Human Resources(Washington,D.C.:FCCSET,1991).
4. J.Miller,"The Public Understanding of Science and Technology in the U.S.,1990",Draft Report to the National Science Foundation,1991年2月1日。
5. 这些材料同National Commission on Excellence in Education,A N ation at Risk:The Imperative for Educational Reform(Washington D.C.:National Commissio n on Excellence in Education,1983)中的没什么差别。有关综述,参见National Scie nce Board,Science and Engineering Indicators(Washington D.C.:U.S.Governm ent Printing Office,1989),第8章;和R.G.Niemi,J.Mueller 和T.W.Smith,Tren ds in Public Opinion:A Compendium of Survey Data(New York:Greenwood Press,1 989)。
6. M.Weber,"Science as a Vocation"(1918),重印于Daedalus(1958冬季 号):117(这是"科学和现代世界观"会议上的开幕词)。
7. E.R.Dodds,The Greeks and the Irrational(Boston:Beacon Press,1957 );原来由University of California Press 在1951年出版。关于它的更广泛的讨论,参见 Gerald Holton,The Advancement of Science,and Its Burdens(New York:Cambridge University Press,1986),第10章。
8. Niemi,Mueller 和Smith,Trends in Public Opinion. 186
9. 载Richard Q.Elvee编,The End of Science? Attack and Defense (Lanha m,Md.:University Press of America,1992),p.57.
10. S.Woolgar编,Knowledge and Reflexivity:New Frontiers in the Sociolog y of Knowledge(London:Sage Publications,1988),p.166.
11. Lionel Trilling,Mind in the Modern World:The 1972 Jefferson Lecture in the Humanities(New York:Viking,1972).
12. 我曾在G.Holton,"Dionysians,Apollonians,and the Scientific Imagina tion",(载The Advancement of Science,第3章)中讨论过这种现象。S.Restivo,"P arallels and Paradoxes in Modern Physics and Eastern Mysticism",Social Studie s of Science,8,Part I(1978):143-181; 12,Part II(1982):37-71对把现代科学同 东方的传统联系起来的时髦尝试作了认真的分析。
13. Sandra Harding,"Why Physics Is a Bad Model for Physics",载Elvee编, The End of Science?
14. Sandra Harding,The Science Question in Feminism(Ithaca:Cornell Un iversity Press,1986),p.10; 关于这个问题的尖锐评论见 M.Levin,American Schola r,57(1988):100-106,Clifford Geertz,"A Lab of One's Own",New York Review of Books,37(1990年11月8日):19-23.
15. Carroll W.Purcell,载M.C.La Follette和J.K.Stine 编,Technology an d Choice(Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1991),p.169.
16. Don K.Price,America's Unwritten Constitution(Baton Rouge:Louisian a State University Press,1983).
17. 引自Clifford Geertz,The Interpretation of Cultures(New York:Basi c Books,1973),p.131.Geertz 阐述了一个群体的世界观的概念如下:他们的"有关事 物的实际状况的图像,他们有关自然、自我、社会的观念……[包括]他们最全面的秩序观 念"(p.127);又参见p.141. 187 18. R.K.Merton,Science,Technology and Society in SeventeenthCentur y England(1938; New York :Harper Torchbooks,1970重印)pp.115,56.关于这个概念 及其可能来源的分析,参见Steven Shapin,"Understanding the Merton Thesis",Isis ,79(1988):594-605. 在英语中世界图像或世界观(world picture 或 world view)一词很少使用,而 在德语、法语(mentalité)和俄语文献中使用较多,形成鲜明对比。因此,《牛津英语 大词典》(Oxford English Dictionary)同大多数英语词典一样,没有world pictu re或world view的定义,虽然它有一个不合适和不准确的条目来定义Weltbild.关于W eltbild的概念的广泛定义和讨论,参见Trübners Deutsches Wrterbuch(195 7),Der Grosse Brockhaus,vol.2(1974),和J.Grimm和W.Grimm,Deutsches Wrterbuch (1955),以及K.Jaspers,Psychologie der Weltanschauung(Berlin:Julius Springe r,1919),第2章,"Weltbilder".在俄语中,参见关于"Nauchnaya Kartina Mira"和"M iravazrenia",载Filosophskii Entsiklopyedicheskii Slavar(Moscow:Sahvyetskay a Entsiklopyedia,1983).关于一个个别科学家的Weltbild的研究,参见Holton,The Adv ancement of Science,pp.20-27,57-104,245-248.
19. 参见 G.Holton,"Physics Literacy",Physics Today,43(1990):60-67. 正如维特根斯坦评论说:"我可以想像一个人,他在十分特殊的环境中长大,并被教导说地 球在50年前产生,因此就相信这一点。我们可以教他:地球有很长久的历史……等等。—— 我 们试图给他我们的世界图像[Weltbild]。"参见L.Wittgenstein,On Certainty(O xford:Basil Blackwell,1974),p.34e.
20. Erik H.Erikson,Toys and Reasons:Stages in the Ritualizatio n of Experience(New York:W.W.Norton,1977),pp.147-148.
21. Peter Galison,"Aufbau/Bauhaus:Logical Positivism and Architectural Modernism",Critical Inquiry,16(1990):709-752.关于一个经验论者的个人世界观 是"科学人道主义"的简述,参见 Rudolph Carnap,Autobiography:The Philosophy of Rudolph Carnap(La Salle,Ill.:Open Court,1963),pp.70-85.
22. 参见Holton,Thematic Origins.
23. M.Gerhart 和 A.Russell,Metaphoric Process(Fort Worth:Texas Christ ian University Press,1984),p.91.
24. 关于有关的研究,参见有关坎布里奇(马萨诸塞州)市政会议准许重组DNA研究 的决定的文献;和J.Doble和 A.Richardson,"Scientific Issues and Thoughtful Publ ic Involvement",Technology Review,95(1992):51-54.
25. 一个外国访问者阅读美国例外主义,可以首先读 Alexis de Tocqueville的De mocracy in America(1835-40); Robert Merton的 专著Science,Technology and Soc iety in SeventeenthCentury England(1938),以及有关它的讨论,如 I.B.Cohen, P uritanism and the Rise of Modern Science:The Merton Thesis(New Brunswick,N.J. :Rutgers University Press,1990); A.Hunter Dupree,Science in the Federal Gover nment(Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1957); Daniel Bell,"The'Heg elian Secret':Civil Society and American Exceptionalism",载 Is America Di fferent? A New Look at American Exceptionalism,Byron Shaffer编(New York:Oxfor d University Press,1991);Leslie Berlowitz,D.Donoghue和L.Menand,America in Th eory(New York:Oxford University Press,1988); Y.Ezrahi,The Descent of Icaru s:Science and the Transformation of Contemporary Democracy(Cambridge,Mass.:H arvard University Press,1990);和 Gerald Holton,"The Culture of Science in the USA Today",Methodology and Science,24(1991):55-63. 188
26. Philip E.Converse的有重大影响的论文"The Nature of Belief Systems in Mass Publics",暗示了这种危险,该文载Ideology and Discontent,David E.Apter编 (New York:The Free Press,1964),p.40.
27. 参见,例如,Isaiah Berlin,The Crooked Timber of Humanity,Henry Har dy编(London:John Murray,1990).
28. Alex Inkeles 和 D.H.Smith,Becoming Modern:Individual Change in Six Developing Countries(Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,1974); 又参 见Alex Inkeles,Exploring Individual Modernity(New York:Columbia University Press,1983).其他 研究进路更强调现代性的经济的和政治的定义。
29. 其他的候选人有 Christopher Lasch.参见他的新书The True and Only Heave n:Progress and Its Critics(New York:W.W.Norton,1991); 又参见富有激情而且 仍及时的书:C.Frankel,The Case for Modern Man(New York:Harper & Brothers,19 55).
30. 关于这种最后的可能性,大卫·E·阿普特指出了重要之点:迈克尔·波朗尼有 一 次写道,"人们必须形成有关物质宇宙的观念并且对此有确定的信心。自古以来, 人类的 任何部分都不可能没有这样一种信仰体系,而且很清楚,如果没有这种信仰体系就意味着精 神的灭亡。因此公众必须选择,要么相信科学,要么就相信亚里士多德、圣经、占星术或巫 术。对于所有这些替代物,我们这个时代的公众绝大多数选择了科学";参见 M.Polanyi, The Logic of Liberty(Chicago,Ill.:University of Chicago Press,1951),pp.5 7-58.但是,阿普特补充说,这种选择"体现了某种很麻烦和普遍的问题。 波朗尼的陈述 表现了对大多数人的选择的某种满意。但是,如果大多数人在选择之后并不按选择行事而且 确实在许多方面拒绝这种选择,那会怎么样?还有,对少数未作这种选择的人有什么影响- 我指的特别是政治影响?"参见 David E.Apter,Ideology and Discontent(New York :The Free Press,1964),p.40.
31. Albert Einstein,"Autobiographical Notes",载Albert Einstein:Philoso pherScientist,Paul A.Schilpp编(Evanston,Ill.:Library of Living Philosophers ,1949),p.5.
32. Max Planck,Where Is Science Going? James Murphy 译(New York:W.W.N orton,1932),
33. Kurt Vonnegut,Jr.,Wampeters,Foma & Granfaloons(New York:Delacourt Press,1974)pp.163-165. 189
34. M.Berman,The Reenchantment of the World(Ithaca,N.Y.:Cornell Univ ersity Press,1981).对这种主张的简要而又尖锐的反应,参见 Steven Weinberg的Dream s of a Final Theory(New York:Pantheon Press,1993),pp.48-50; 温伯格称这种 主 张是"伪科学:占星术,先知,'特异功能',透视力和千里眼,心灵感应,神创论和它们 的同类"。
35. Stephen Toulmin,Cosmopolis(New York:The Free Press,1990).
38. Jan Vladislav编,Václav Havel,or Living in the Truth(London:Fabe r & Faber,1987),pp.138-139; 得到Faber & Faber,Inc.的允许,重印于此。这段话写于 1984年。
39. American Association for the Advancement of Science,Science for All Americans(New York:Oxford University Press,1990).
40. 参见 F.Gregory,Scientific Materialism in NineteenthCentury Germany (Dordrecht:Reidel,1977).
41. 参见, 例如 M.I.Thomis,The Luddites:Machine-Breaking in Regency En gland(Hamden,Conn.:M.Archon Books,1970); F.O.Darvall,Popular Disturbanc es and Public Order in Regency England(London:Oxford University Press,1934) ;和 G.Pearson,"Resistance to the Machine",载CounterMovements in the Scienc es,Helga Nowotny和H.Rose编(Dordrecht:Reidel,1979).
42. Fritz Stern,The Politics of Cultural Despair:A Study of the Rise of G erman Ideology(Berkeley:University of California Press,1961),p.xvii.又参见重 要的书:Alan Beyerchen,Scientists under Hitler:Politics in the Third Reich( New Haven,Conn.:Yale University Press,1977).Alan Beyerchen,"What We Now Kno w about Nazism and Science",Social Research,59(1992):616-641,提供了更新近 的有关学术论文的综述。
43. J.D.Bernal,The Social Function of Science(London:Routledge,1946 ),p.3.
44. 载M.E.Mary 和 R.S.Appleby,Fundamentalisms and Society:Reclaiming the Sciences,the Family,and Education,vol.2(Chicago,Ill.:University of Ch icago Press,1992).
论文出处 科学与反科学
本书的各章原发表于下列出版物,在本书发表时作了大量的修改。
第一章:"Ernst Mach and the Fortunes of Positivism in America",Isis,83(19 92):27-69;○c 1992 by the History of Science Society,Inc. 版权所有。蒙芝加哥大学出版社允许在此发表。
第二章:"More on Mach and Einstein",Methodology and Science,22(1989):67-8 1.
第三章:"Quanta,Relativity,and Rhetoric", Persuading Science:The Art of Scientific Rhetoric, Marcello Pera 和William R.Shea编(Canton,Mass.:Science Histo ry Publications,1991),pp.173-203.蒙Watson Publishing International允许在此发表。
第四章:"On the Jeffersonian Research Program",Archives Internationales d ` Histoire des Sciences, 36(1986年12月):325-336.
第五章:"Spengler,Einstein and the Controversy over the End of Science",Phy sics,27(1991):543-556.
第六章:"How to think about the 'AntiScience' Phenomenon",Public Underst anding of Science, 1(1992):103-128.